Technology Overview

Nuclear power is a technology that harnesses energy from atomic nuclei, composed of protons and neutrons. This energy can be generated through fission or fusion; however, current nuclear power plants operate based on nuclear fission, in which unstable heavy elements split into more stable elements and release energy. Nuclear fusion technology is still in the research and development stage and has not yet been commercially deployed.

Technical Characteristics

Nuclear power has very high energy density and can provide large-scale, stable power output over long periods. Modern nuclear power plants primarily use pressurized water reactors (PWR) or boiling water reactors (BWR), with designs continuously improved to enhance safety and operational performance.

The nominal net electrical efficiency is approximately 36%, comparable to conventional steam-cycle thermal power plants. However, a key advantage is the very high capacity factor, allowing continuous operation with minimal interruptions, making nuclear power a reliable baseload source. Additionally, nuclear power does not emit CO₂ during operation, significantly contributing to greenhouse gas emission reduction.

However, the technology requires stringent safety standards, as well as careful management of radioactive waste and spent fuel.

Investment costs are approximately 6.5 million USD/MW, among the highest across power generation technologies. Long construction periods and high capital requirements present significant barriers to deployment. Nevertheless, in the context of energy transition and deep decarbonization goals, nuclear power is considered a key solution for providing carbon-free baseload electricity to complement variable renewable energy sources.

Application in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the nuclear power program is currently under development and is considered a long-term option to ensure energy security and meet increasingly stringent emission reduction requirements.